Truss side frame



June 22, 1948. G. D. FlsH TRUISS SIDE FRAME 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed octfe, 1944 June 22, 1948. G. D. FISH V2,443,980 TRUss SIDE FRAME Filed oct. e, 1944y 1 s sheets-Sheet 2 FLM IN V EN TOR.`

www J7. fl'm June 2z, 1948. G, D FISH I *2,443,980`

TRUSS SIDE FRAME IN V EN TOR.

Patented June 22, 194g UNL-Teo ma?am?AVV oFFicE rnnsssmo FRAME Gilbertl); Fish, Pelham, N. Y.,V assigner totWeld'ed SteeliShapes, Ine., New York, N Y.`,.a'.c01.'p.0ra

tionloflennsylvania animation Gottheit 6, 1944, SeralN.- 55"?404 13;` Claims.; Cl. 1957-206) The present inventionA relates tol a truss' coristructionfor railway can trucks such as thatA generally known as a truss fsi'de frame.

Greneral objects of tloelinventionare to provide a simple truss side frame having one or more joints each of which 'is' characterized-by members at least some of which arel of box-formationincludiizcgf web and flange platee whichr utilizes a minimumof materia-1l in the?junction-oi-y the-mem# bers thereof While assuringefcient url'oaeling4 ofstresses from one member-to another no indirection and in which tl-'iel fulll st'rer-igtlir effi bers broughttogether-ata common junctionwithv at least two thereof i of? box: formation wherein a system of transverse structure; such asl ange plates, are.- inJ av desired" conditioni of." equilibrium substa'ntially` independentl-y of.I 'web` pla-te strueture tin-:reci:V due to employment of" diaphragm means constituting. a: triangular: truss. systenfif-A et fectively: connecting all; of! then transverse' structural` elements together.'

Another, olfiject` ofi thelinventi'on i`s toiprovide a` simple but, unusually' sturdy` truss:` side; fname joint of apluralityof members; including` transverserstructural" elements, such` asl flange pla-tes,` which' eliminates any necessity: fonA t-li'e1 employ ment ofA connecting structure tlireugliwhich stressesy would be t-rfansffverred' l` from transverse structure of` any Vofythe gmembers to that' ofjotlieijs alonaindirectnaths o e, las@ eedllilkizsnsset plates, hthe jontbeing Qharaeterzedlby. diaphragm means such. asr transverse. plates. joined'. alone transverse linesef meeting toallf` juncturesj, of transverse. structures .of` the membersandto any of thelatter Whicnxliave'no-junctureswitlo siini.- 1arstructlire of @het membsraand rigid Connections#therebetween l loi l. wf` atwss- System: f triangular Pattern for? sube stantial'ly direct transfer ofl stresses between the transverse structural elements.`

Still anotherl object of the inventionV is the provision of atruss side frame which is of simple construction andl easily fabricated and is of exceptionalstrength, being composed ofboX-section members. for. superior eiiiciency and stiiness and: which is especially well adapted to resista bending. moments and torsional moments direction.

An further: object.l of -thelinvention isf to provide such aA compact,- relatively light weightY and' strong.- t'russ .side frame inlwhich junctions Vof the members include diaphragm means constituting triangular truss systems joined to and: substan'.

tiallydirectly connecting together all ofs'theitrans'- verseY structural elements. of the frame `members including: alljunctures thereofv thereby producing ati each` ofl thejunotions a. joint systemA of theitransverse structurallelements in equilibrium which may.` actA in eioient stress transfer substantially' independently' of. webf systems;

A still further object of the invention is to provide structural: embodiments of such truss side. frame which` are readily constructed by' welding operations andwnich allow. efficient use andf operation thereof.

Other. Objects oi` the inventionr will npart be z obvious and willv in: part` appear hereinafter;

The inventionL accordinglyY comprisesu the fea:

tutes ofy wnsfrution,` combination of elements.

andiarranaementfo parts; which Win be exemplifA edinthepconstructionsvihereinafter set forth and z the ysOiJe-,offthe.:inventomwill be-indicated in the claims.;

For'. ya:.fuller-unsilerstarlding'of the nature and objects of the invention, reference shouldgbe. had

to; the following detailed description taken in connectionfwith the accompanying. drawings; in Which- Eig. lf is sideelevational. View, withh parte broken away'andinseotion, of an embodiment.

of-ltlrie ,truss-side frame ofl the lpresent invention;

Eig. A2,isE-a sect1 o nalfvievvi taken onlinelZf-Z o f Fie., 1i with .Some partsfbrolen Eig.; 3io abottomfplan viewwoi` theY structure Shown in Eis-S 1, and 2. and: With'parts. broken avvayi-to. showeertain internalfstructure of the tension i member;

W-hicnzma-v be. caused: byloads applied` in any Figs. s, 5 and 6 are sectional views respectively taken on lines ffl-l, 5 5 and I- oi Fig. l;

Fig. "I is a vertical section to an enlarged' scale of an end of the truss side frame shown in Fig. i;

Fig. 8 is a side elevational View, lwith parts broken away, of one embodiment of truss joint ci the present invention employable in the truss side frame shown in Fig. l;

Fig. 9 is an end elevational View of the structure shown in Fig. 8;

Fig. l0 is a side elevational view of the flange piate system of the structure shown in Fig. 8;

il is a side elevational viewfof a web plate syst i of the structure shown in Fig. 8; and

l2 is a vertical section of a modified form of the structure shown in Fig. 8.

Truss members of ybox formation, i. e. boxsection members, are especially advantageous for structural member-s which have to resist forces in various directions, which cause bending about more than one axis and/or cause torsion. A truss structure composed of box-section members is superior in eni-ciency and stiffness 4to one composed of the more familiar sections, such as angles, -bearns, channels, Ts or other open sections, if some or all cf its principal members are subject to considerable bending about more than one or to considerable torsion. Truss members of box formation have been employed only infrequently in truss structures, perhaps because their closed form has presen-ted many difliculties in connecting them one to another in such manner as to form joints capable oi developing all the strength or even most of the strength of the members. In riveted or bolted truss construction, satisfactory joints involving two, three or more meeting ends of box-section member-s are not feasible. In foundry practice, a cast metal jointin box members Icannot be produced in such form as to develop the strength of all sides of the members.

in a truss structure, a joint is formed wherever two or more members meet. Three and four are the most usual number of members `forming a joint, any member which runs completely through a joint and which extends to other joints on both sides being recognized as two members. At end supports of a truss structure two members frequently form the joint; and ve or even more members sometimes form a truss joint. At any joint, by the laws of mechanics, a system of forces and moments in equilibrium is at every instant formed by (o) the forces and moments transmitted to the joint by all the members meeting, and ('0) the forces and moments comprising any external loads applied to the truss at that joint. The joint must therefore be capable of transmitting the forces and moments from each member to the other members and of transmitting any external loads to the members. The forces and moments above referred to may act in any direction, subject to the requirement of equilibrium of the entire system.

In .the following description and -claims the Iterms webs and web plates are employed in their usual sense to identify those :parts or plates of the box-section members which are arranged in or constitute the opposite fa-ces lying in two planes parallel to the face of the drawings and for convenience may be considered to be vertical and to extend north and south. The remaining parts or plates in the two opposed faces of each member which are arranged substantially at right angles to the `face of the drawings and the web plates and which extend transversely between pairs of the latter are herein identified as anges and flange plates. It is to be understood that plate broadly identifies parts in either the flange system or web systems which may be made as separate pieces and then welded along edges thereof to parts in the other of Ithose systems or integral -with the latter parts such as by bending a at plate into an angle to form a Iweb and attached flange or into a channel to form one flange and two webs or two anges and one web.

In order fully to develop the strength of the members by known means, such as gusset plates commonly employed in conventional truss design, such gussets arranged in face engagement with iweb structure and welded to the members must extend `far enough along the members to permit the flange plates to transfer their stresses by longitudinal shear through their edges, without unduly high intensity of longitudinal shearing stress. Generally speaking, the gussets must extend along the edge of each ange plate a distance equal to or exceeding the flange plate width, to

develop the full tensile or compressive strength of the iiange plate. Further, the gussets must .be thick enough to withstand the stresses to be transmitted indirectly through them. These reuuirements cause the formation of bulky jointsy which necessitate the use of far too much material. The present invention eliminates these and other difliculties of prior art practices.

The purposes of a truss joint are effectively accomplished in accordance with the present invention which permits a desired employment of box-section members in a truss side frame embodiment such as that shown in Figs. l to 7 inclusive, in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout.

The truss side frame structure I il, which is designed for employment in railway car trucks, shown in Figs. 1 to 7 inclusive, comprises a longi-` tudinal compression member II terminating at both ends in wheel connecting means I2, I2 and a tension member I3 joined to the compression member I I at each end thereof in the vicinity of the wheel connecting means I2, I2. The tension member I3 is, in truss terminology, three distinct members, namely a bolster spring seat section I4 and a pair of flanking oblique sections I5, I5.

As is usual, the truss side frame I0 also includes a pair of laterally spaced apart vertical bolster guide column members I6, IE joined to and eX- tending between the compression member I I and the tension member I-3, to define a bolster receiving space II, with the junctions to the tension member being in the vicinity ofthe junctions of the oblique sections I5, I5 with the bolster spring seat section I4. The guide column members I6, i5 are provided with bolster guide plates I8, I8 for vertical guidance of a railway car bolster which is to be positioned therebetween in space II and supported upon suitable spring structure seated on the -spring seat section I4 in any suitable manner, such as by positioning helical spring structure down over projecting lugs ISI-I9.

It will be noted that each of the compression, tension and guide column members I I, I3 and I6, I6 are box-section members, i. e. of box formation, each comprising a pair of spaced apart transversely extending flange plates and a pair of spaced apart web plates joined thereto, preferably by welding. As is evident from Figs. 1 and 4, the compression member II may comprise a U-shaped element or channel providing an exterior ange plate 2i! and two opposed web plates from the juncture at 41 substantially te' the end of the exterior flange plate 2lil at 49 and is respectively connected thereto by welding'. Anadditional diaphragm yplate 50 is provided, preferably by extending interior flange plate 21 beyond the `juncture at 41 to meet with the exterior flange plate 20 of the compression member at 5|, where it is welded thereto. The inter-connection of the flange plates of the compression and tension members is completed by an obliquely arranged diaphragm plate 52 anchored by welding at 5| and 49. Diaphragm plates 48, 59 and 52 thus constitute a truss system of triangular pattern which connects all of the ange plates 20, 23, 21 and 23 together. A third member is joined to the compression and tension members at their `junction for the purpose of providing a Wheel connecting means. This third member preferably comprises a single flange plate 53 welded to the juncture at 49 and a pair of web plates 54, 54 joined to ange plate 53 andr to the oblique section i such as by welding them to the ange plate 53 and to the exterior flange plate 28.

A lateral support plate 55 is provided, but forms no element of the truss system at the end of the frame, and merely constitutes a bearing plate preferably held in position by welding to the flange plate 53 and web Aplates 54, 54. The diaphragm plate 52 is preferably extended beyond the juncture at 49 to provide a cover element 55 also forming no part of the truss system. It may be further desired to provide a bracket 51 welded to the oblique section I5 to cooperate with the support plate 55 and provide therewith means to seat upon a journal box indicated in dot-dash lines 58 for a wheel axle of a railway car.

It will thus be seen that at least two members of box formation are joined together at each end of the frame Ill with the employment of a triangular truss -system comprising diaphragm plates 48, 50 and 52, these truss members consisting of the oblique section I5 of the tension member I3 and the compression member II, to Which has been connected at their junction a third `member formed by the Vertical flange plate '53 and its associated web plates 54, 54; and that all of the flange plates of those three members are substantially directly connected by diaphragm means forming a truss system of triangular patitern.

It will be evident from Fig. '1 that the connection between the flange plates of a plurality of members need not be accomplished, with exactitude, particularly since it has been found by test that a small degree of variation does not introduce trouble. The dot-dash lines in Fig. '7 substantially represent the true lines of action of the diaphragm plate 48, the exterior flange plate 28 and support flange plate 53, which, it will be noted, intersect at 59 at the juncture of those three elements, but that the point 59 does not precisely coincide with the point 49 of juncture between the exterior flange plate 28 and the obliquely arranged diaphragm plate 52. If such exactitude of coincidence had been accomplished, which was found to be unnecessary and somewhat impractical in the fabrication of the structure, the diaphragm plate 48 and the flange plate 53 would have extended along the dotted lines to juncture with the diaphragm plate 52 at the point 49 to have their lines of action coincide with the dotted lines and intersect with the line of action of the diaphragm plate 52 at the point 49. However,y this slight Variation which has been found to be practical in commercial production provides substantially direct connection to junctures of flange plates and has been found in practice to satisfy the requirements of equi# librium for all practical purposes.

Thus the truss side frame shown in Figs. 1 to 7 inclusive incorporates two embodiments of the truss structure f the present invention, and the characteristics thereof and desired ends -attained thereby will be better appreciated by a reference to Figs. 8 to 15 inclusive. With the employment of box-section members welded together at junctions to form joints characterizing t'hepresent invention, box-section members can be joined in a manner as to develop all of the strength, or as much of the strength as may be required of all of the sides of the members. At each such joint a complete, self-contained truss system of all of the flange plates and a substantially independent self-contained truss system of all of the web plates are provided. Although the flange plates and the web plates are joined together where they meet and thus do not divide the stresses as if they were entirely independent systems, the joint which characterizes the truss system of the present invention provides direct stress paths which permit every single plate to transfer its stress into the joint without substantial assistance from any other plate of the same member.

Fig, 8 shows a truss side frame joint at which three box members H4, IIE and H6, similar to members I4, I5 and I6 of Figs. 1 to '7 inclusive, meet. The side plates |29, |32 and |33 of the three members I`I5, I|4 and I|6 on either side thereof are coplanar as shown in Fig. 9 and can be cut out of a single plate or can be joined by cutting their ends to fit and Welding them one to another. As previously indicated, these side plates are the web plates and transverse plates |21, |23, |30, I3I, |31 and |39 which lie at right angles to the web plates are the ange plates. The web plates are adapted to resist axial stresses of compression or tension in the members and also shearing stresses in their own planes and e the flange plates are adapted to resist such axial stresses and also shearing stresses in their own transverse planes. Both flanges and both webs of a member, acting together as a unit, are adapted to resist torsional moments about the axis of the member and bending moments about any axis perpendicular thereto, i. e. any transverse axis. The lines of action of stresses in planes parallel to the webs for the system of flange plates are Hlustrated by the dotted lines in Fig. 10 and those for either system of web plates are illustrated by the dotted lines in Fig. 11.

At the junction |42, each flange plate meets and is joined to one flange plate of one of the other members along a transverse line and this juncture may be formed by welding or, alternatively, a single transverse plate may be bent to provide two connected or joined flange plates, one for one member and the other for another member. Thus in the structure shown in Figs, 8 and 10 the six flange plates |21, |39, |31, |39, |3| and |28 may be formed from three strips of flange stock, one providing flange plates |21 and |39, a second providing flange plates |31 and |39, and the third providing flange plates I3| and |28.

If the joint at the junction |40 of the three members |I4, ||5 and IIS consisted only of the junctures of the two sets of web plates |32, |29 and |38 and of the pairs of flange plates |39 and |3I, |21 and |28, and |31 and |39, there 9 would .be adequate :provision :for developing 4fthe strength of all web Vplates but .notffor developing thestrength of anyyof the ange plates except with respect `to shearing stresses yin .their own planes.

-By :adding diaphragm .means such as three diaphragm `plates I'4l, :iM and E46 of adequate thickness to providea `truss system of triangular pattern, with vertices thereof connected vto the junctures 'or ytransverse lines .of Vmeeting of the flange plates at M2, M3 and 1145 in IFig. .1.0, `a rameWOrkisfGrmedby which any balancedsystemof forces (i. e, system in equilibrium) 'uin all of the flange plates can be developed bythe joint, substantially independently `of rthe web plates. If, asis usually the case, the-.systemvoi flange 'stresses ,is ,l somewhat unbalanced i (i. e. -out of equilibrium), then the system of 4web .stresses mustlbe unbalanced the same amount inthe` opposite direction. Shearing .reactions between flanges and :adjoining webs within the `.joint :result from the -unbalance and the flange system and =web system are therefore vnot @completely indepenent, :there `being :minor adjustments. However,1the .basic principle 'of the jointof the truss structure -of the :present invention is 'that theriiange stresses and the web stresses .are separately v.transmitted .through vthe joint z-by :substantially independent means, 'capable `of 1developingfthefullstrength-of each component part 1 or as imueh fthereof `as .may be necessary.

'The' diaphragm. means which accomplishesthis desired fend of .coursefmay comprise Vdiaphragm plateszsuchas I Ml, lllidand M6 :of` Figs.8, 9.and

10, yor a solid block 'of material .whichsubstantially encompasses the lines of .action, :such .as the-element 6.0 proposed in Fig. 12. .Any piece or piecesof material .capable ofrtransmitting from each corner to `the'other'twocorners ofthe triangular .pattern the :stress components in :those two `directionscaused by the two iiangestresses acting on the corner rst mentionedmaybe` employed within ,the scope :of the invention.

y.Itwillrthus. be seenfrom Figs. 8 to :12.inclusive thatthe principles of `the present inventionmay beincorporatedinajoint of a truss side frame whereitwo orimoretruss members of :boxformationarebrought .to junction by 'providing diaphragm means `to constitute `a truss `system ;of triangular pattern or itsequivalent. The joint may be ."an end junction of .two box-section members suitably associated with supporty means for fstressf transfer 'zasjprofpo'sed' in `connectionwith Fig =7 :or arjunction'zofthree or more 'box-section members as=proposed in Figs. 8 to 12 inclusive. The .jointxof Fig. 7, -or' its equivalent, .and :that of` `iligsa S and .121;require .Lfdiaphragmi means. providing :a :single .triangular .stress transmitting meansrconnectngsall ofthe iiange plates Ortrans- Verse @elements :together including z .all junctures thereof. larger :number of box-section members :can be. joined.;according to the same lprincipleby adding diaphragmmeans, 'such astwo additional diaphragm l plates, or their equivalent for .each Yadditional,` member, the requirement being rthat uthe Vsystem of .diaphragm means Vprovide triangles :of `stress f transfer or `equivalents, onesuch .triangle for the; first :three members` or thefjoint ofwjig. 7 and-one additional ,such triangle for each `additional member.

iItwill thus befseen: that the objects set forth above are eminently. attained Aand since certain changes may `be made inthe above .construction .andi diiierentembod-iments of. :the invention couldffbefmade Iwithout. .departing`v from the scope f 10 thereof, it is .intendedfthat :all matter contained infthe aboveldescription .orfshown in the 1aecompanying drawings shall .-be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limitingsense.

It-is also to be understood .thatthe following claims are .intended "to fcover all of the generic andfspeciiic .features of :the :invention .herein described,;and.all statements of the scope Aof `the invention which, as a lmatter .of language, might be saidp-to fall therebetween.

`Having :described '.my `invention, `-what I claim as newfand desireitofsecurebyLetters Patent is:

l.. ,A truss side frame comprising, fin `combination, afpair oi rwheelconnecting.means,.a.longitudinal compressionzmemberijoinedito said wheel connecting .moana a "tension member including a1bclster-=springfseat seetiomand apairfof flanking :oblique `sections each fjoined'to said compression smember andato said `.wheel connecting means,. each of :said .membersibeing of box :for-

mationfeomprisingapair of fflange lplates and Va pair .fof .web plates, said .flange plates being joined together: along 1 transverse linesl of meeting` to provide: a plurality of j unctures and diaphragm meansy at: each of the junctions. of said members joined along transverse 4lines lof ;meeting .to .all ofthe junctures and to any `remaining :flange plates :which ha-ve. noitransversejines. of meeting with other ange :plates and :providing substantiallyl direct rigid 'connectionsrbetween i all of vsaid flange `plates by rthe. equivalenty .ora truss. system of triangular-pattern.

`2. A truss siderframecomprising,zinpombination, a 4.pair of wheel connectingzmeans, :alongitudinai:compressionimember joined to isaid wheel connecting means, f a :tension member yincludingr a bolster springvseat section 4.and apair ofxiianking` oblique sections eachjoinedtosaidfcompression. member andto.- saidwheel connecting means,

,f each --of said members being of box vformation comprising a pair of flange f plates f and a pair ,of web plates, :sa-id iiange `:plates `being joined .together -along `transverse lines` of meeting Vto provide :a lplurality of "junctures, -and diaphragm plates. at leach of the junctions ofsaid members joined lalongtransverse lines-of -meeting to all of .the junctures and -to lany reir-raining lflange plates which have no transverseflines of meeting with other flange .plates and providing `substanitially direct yrigid :connections 'between 4all of said flange` plates byfal truss: system of triangular pattern.

3. .-Av truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of wheel connectingmeans, allongitudinal compressionfmember joined to said wheel connecting means, `a v,tensi-an .member including agbolsterspring. seat section'and apair of liianlring. ,obligue:sectionsr each joinedl to l said compressiony member-and tosaidwheelv connecting means, a painof vsubstantiallyvertical bolsterguidecolumnfmembers each .joinedratone end thereof to said compression. memberand at its other end to said .tension memberinthe .vicinityof the junction of said .seat section withone of said oblique. sections, each of.:saiclnien'iloers being of boxior-mation comprising a pair oiiiangeplates and ,a pair of `web plates, said iiange plates being joined together, at thejunctions of .said compression .and tensionmembers and said Aeolumrranol tension members along transverse lines of meeting-,to provide aplurality of junctures, and. diaphragmA means .at each of those junctionsjoined along-.transverse linesaof meeting to Aall of .the junctures and -.to .any remaining flange V.plates which fhavenotransverse lines of meeting with y 11 other flange plates and providing substantially direct rigid connections between all of said ilange plates by the equivalent of a truss system of triangular pattern.

4. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of Wheel connecting means, a longitudinal compression member joined to said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of anking oblique sections each joined to said compression member and to said wheel connecting means, a pair of substantially Vertical bolster guide column members each joined at one end thereof to said compression member and at its other end to said tension member in the vicinity of the junction of said seat section with one of said oblique sections, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of web plates, said flange plates being joined together at the junctions of said compression and tension members and said column and tension members along transverse lines of meeting to provide a plurality of junctures, and diaphragm plates at each of those junctions joined along transverse lines of meeting to all of the junctures and to any remaining flange plates which have no transverse lines of meeting with other flange plates and providing substantially direct rigid connections between all of said flange plates by a truss system of triangular pattern.

5. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of wheel connecting means, a longitudinal compression member joined to said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of anking oblique sections each joined to said compression member and to said wheel connecting means, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of web plates joined together, said flange plates being joined together along transverse lines of meeting to provide a plurality of junctures, and diaphragm means forming the equivalent of a triangular truss system at each of the junctions of said members located internally thereof between opposed web plates providing substantially direct connections between all of the flange plates at each of said junctions.

6. A truss sideframe comprising, in combination, a pair of wheel connecting means, a longitudinal compression member welded to said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of ilanking oblique sections each welded to said compression member and to said wheel connecting means, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of web plates joined together with at least some of the junctures being formed by welding, and diaphragm plates forming a triangular truss system at each of the junctions of said members located internally thereof between opposed web plates and welded in positions substantially to form continuations of interior iiange plates extending to juncture with exterior flange plates.

7. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of wheel connecting means, a longitudinal compression member joined to said wheel connecting means, a tension member including -a bolster spring seat section and a pair of anking oblique sections each joined to said compression member and to said wheel connecting means, a pair of substantially vertical bolster guide column members each joined at one end thereof to said compression member and at its 12 otherend to said tension member at the vjunction of said seat section with one of said oblique sections, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of web plates joined together, said flange plates of the different members being joined tgether at the junctures thereof, and diaphragm means forming the equivalent of a triangular truss system at each of the junctions of said tension member with said compression and column members located internally thereof between opposed web plates providing substantially direct connections between all of the flange plates at each of said junctions.

8. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of wheel connecting means, a longitudinal compression member welded to said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of flanking oblique sections each welded to said compression member and to said wheel connecting means, a pair of substantially vertical bolster guide column members each welded at one end thereof to said compression member and at its other end vto s-aid main tension member at the junction of said seat section with one of said oblique sections, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of Web plates joined together with at least some of the junctures being formed by welding, and diaphragm plates forming a triangular truss system at each of the junctions of said tension member with said compression and column members located internally thereof between opposed web plates and welded in'positions substantially to form continuations of interior flange plates extending to juncture with exterior flange plates.

9. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of Wheel connecting means, a longitudinal compression member welded to said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of flanking obliquesections each welded to said compression member and to said wheel connecting means, a pair of substantially vertical bolster guide column members each welded at one end thereof to said compression member and at its other end to said tension member at the junction of said seat section with one of said oblique sections, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of web plates joined together with at least some of the junctures being formed by welding, and diaphragm plates forming a triangular truss system'at each of the junctions of said tension member with said compression and column members located internally thereof between opposed web plates and welded in positions substantially to form continuations of interior flange plates extending to juncture with exterior ange plates, one of the flange plates of each of said column members being joined to the interior flange plates of said seat section and adjacent oblique section at their juncture and one of said diaphragm plates being joined to and extending between said juncture of interior flange plates and the juncture of exterior flange plates of the seat and oblique sections with another one of said diaphragm plates being joined to exterior flange plates at the last-named juncture and extending to juncture with an interior flange plate of said tension member at juncture therewith of the other flange plate of said column member.

10. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, a pair of wheel connecting means, a longiimmenso 1'3 tudin-alcompression member welded to said'wheel connecting'means; a tension member including a bolster spring' seatsection andJ a pair of lflanking obliquesectionseaoh welded to said compression member and'tosaid `w'heelborinecting means, 'a pair of substantially vertical bolster guide column members eachv welded at one end thereof to said compression `memltfer `and "at its otherend to said tension Imember at the junction "of said seat section withonefof said oblique sections, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of ilangeplates and a pair of web I plates joined "together with -at least some of the juncturesbe'ingfoinied by welding, and diaphragm plates forming a triangular truss system at each of the junctions of said tension member with said compression and column members located internally thereof between opposed web plates and welded in positions substantially to form continuations of interior flange plates extending to juncture with exterior ange plates, one of the flange plates of each of said column members being joined to the interior flange plates of said seat section and adjacent oblique section at their juncture and one of said diaphragm plates being joined to and extending between said juncture of interior flange plates and the juncture of exterior ilange plates of the seat and oblique sections with another one of said diaphragm plates being joined to exterior flange plates at the last-named juncture and extending to juncture with the interior il-ange plate of said oblique section at juncture therewith of the other flange plate of said column member.

11. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, wheel connecting means at each end of the frame, a longitudinal compression member Welded to each of and extending between said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of flanking oblique sections each welded to said compression member and adjacent wheel connesting means, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of flange plates and a pair of web plates joined together with at least some of the junctures being formed by welding, diaphragm plates at each of the junctions of said members located internally thereof between opposed web plates and welded in positions substantially to form continuations of interior flange plates extending to juncture with exterior flange plates, the diaphragm plate which forms a continuation of the interior flange plate of the oblique section at either end of the frame being substantially aligned therewith and the exterior ilange plate ci said compression member termin-ating at either end substantially at the juncture with said last-mentioned diaphragm plate, and an additional pair of obliquely arranged diaphragm plates welded in position with each extending from one end of the exterior flange plate of said compression member to the juncture of the exterior flange plate of the oblique section with the diaphragm plate which forms a continuation of the interior flange plate of said compression member.

12. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, wheel connecting means at each end of the frame, -a longitudinal compression member welded to each of and extending between said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of ilanking oblique sections each welded to said compression member and adjacent wheel connecting means, each of 'said members bein'g'of box formation comprising a pair Vof'ilange plates and a` pair of web plates joined together with at least some of the juncturesibeing formed by welding, diaphragm plates at each of the junctions of saidtmembers located internally'thereof between opposed web plates aridweldedin rpositions substantiallyto form continuations of interior ange plates extending to juncture with exteriorilange plates, the diaphragm plate which formsacontinuation of the interior flange plate of `the'oblique section at either end of the frame being y'substantially aligned therewith and 'the exterior flange plateof'said compression'me'mber terminating at either end substantially at the juncture with said last-mentioned diaphragm plate, and an additional pair of obliquely arranged diaphragm plates welded in position with each extending from one end of the exterior flange plate of said compression member to the juncture of the exterior flange plate of the oblique section with the diaphragm plate which forms a continuation of the interior ilange plate of said compression member, each of said wheel connecting means comprising a substantially vertically arranged llange plate welded to the end of said frame substantially at the juncture of said obliquely arranged diaphragm plate with the exterior flange plate of said tension member and a pair of web plates joined to said vertically arranged flange plate and the oblique section of said tension member.

13. A truss side frame comprising, in combination, wheel connecting means at each end of the frame, a longitudinal compression member welded to each of and extending between said wheel connecting means, a tension member including a bolster spring seat section and a pair of ilanking oblique sections each welded to said compression member and adjacent wheel connecting means, each of said members being of box formation comprising a pair of ilange plates and a pair of web plates joined together with at least some of the junctures being formed by welding, diaphragm plates at each of the junctions of said members located internally thereof between opposed web plates and welded in positions substantially to form contnuations of interior flange plates exten-ding to juncture with exterior ilange plates, the diaphragm plate which forms a continuation of the interior llange plate of the oblique section at either end of the frame being substantially aligned therewith and the exterior flange plate of said compression member terminating at either end substantially at the juncture with said last-mentioned diaphragm plate, and an additional pair of obliquely arranged diaphragm plates welded in position with each extending from one end of the exterior flange plate of said compression member to the juncture of the exterior ilange plate of the oblique section with the diaphragm plate which forms a continuation oi' the interior flange plate of s-aid compression member; each of said Wheel connecting means comprising a support joined on its inner side to the exterior flange plate of the oblique section of said tension member, a substantially vertically arranged flange plate joined to said support and to the end of said frame substantially at the juncture of said obliquely arranged diaphragm plate with said exterior flange plate of said tension member, and a pair of web plates joined to said support, to said vertically arranged ilange plate and to the web plates of the oblique section of said tension member and aligned with the latter.

GILBERT D. FISH.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS .Number Name Date Randel Oct. 21, 1913 Allen Dec. 28, 1915 Thum Dec. 1, 1928 Candy Feb. 9, 1932 Number Number 

